Who is referred to as the Father of Orientation and Mobility and developed cane techniques?

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Recognizing who solidified orientation and mobility as a distinct field and introduced the long cane approach is the focus here. Richard Hoover is widely regarded as the Father of Orientation and Mobility because his work helped establish O&M as a professional practice and he developed the foundational cane techniques that enable safe, independent travel for people who are blind or visually impaired. His efforts shaped how instructors teach travel skills, combining systematic cane use with orientation strategies to detect obstacles, changes in surface, and environmental cues. This approach empowered learners to navigate both familiar routes and new environments with confidence. While other pioneers contributed to related areas, Hoover’s enduring influence on the practice and method of cane use is why he’s credited with this title.